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Bolhuis, Behavioural Biolgy, Utrecht University"> <meta name=Keywords content=""> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u1:DocumentProperties> <u1:Author>Simon Reader</u1:Author> <u1:Template>Normal</u1:Template> <u1:LastAuthor>Johan Bolhuis</u1:LastAuthor> <u1:Revision>2</u1:Revision> <u1:Created>2007-12-03T14:55:00Z</u1:Created> <u1:LastSaved>2007-12-03T15:05:00Z</u1:LastSaved> <u1:Pages>2</u1:Pages> <u1:Words>841</u1:Words> <u1:Characters>4796</u1:Characters> <u1:Lines>39</u1:Lines> <u1:Paragraphs>9</u1:Paragraphs> <u1:CharactersWithSpaces>5889</u1:CharactersWithSpaces> <u1:Version>11.773</u1:Version> </u1:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u1:OfficeDocumentSettings> <u1:AllowPNG/> </u1:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u2:WordDocument> <u2:Zoom>125</u2:Zoom> </u2:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u3:shapedefaults u4:ext="edit" spidmax="1607"> <u3:colormenu u4:ext="edit" fillcolor="#930"/> </u3:shapedefaults> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <u5:shapelayout u6:ext="edit"> <u5:idmap u6:ext="edit" data="1"/> </u5:shapelayout> </xml><![endif]--> <meta name=Author content="Gabriel J.L. Beckers"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="10242"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor="#FACF9A" lang=NL link="#303FA7" vlink="#800040" style='tab-interval:35.4pt' alink="#CC3300"> <div class=WordSection1> <p><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp; <u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=10 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;mso-cellspacing:7.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td width="33%" style='width:33.12%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:20.0pt;color:#993300;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>Neural Mechanisms of Birdsong Memory</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><u7:p></u7:p> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.bio.uu.nl/behaviour/Bolhuis/index.html">Johan J. Bolhuis<span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><u7:p></u7:p></span></a></span></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.bio.uu.nl/behaviour/Moorman/indexSanneM.html">Sanne Moorman<span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><u7:p></u7:p></span></a></span></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.bio.uu.nl/behaviour/Zandbergen/index.html">Thijs Zandbergen<span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><u7:p></u7:p></span></a></span></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></p> <p><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Principal collaborators:</span><u7:p></u7:p></i></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Hiroko Eda-Fujiwara </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>(Tokyo, Japan)<u7:p></u7:p></span></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Claudio Mello </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>(Oregon, USA)</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> <u7:p></u7:p> <td width="32%" style='width:32.96%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'></td> <u7:p></u7:p><u8:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" u7:spt="75" u7:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><u8:stroke joinstyle="miter"/><u8:formulas><u8:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/><u8:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/><u8:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/><u8:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/><u8:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/><u8:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/><u8:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/><u8:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/><u8:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/><u8:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/><u8:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/><u8:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/></u8:formulas><u8:path u7:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" u7:connecttype="rect"/><u7:lock u8:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/></u8:shapetype><u8:shape id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width:160pt;&#13;&#10; height:211pt"><u8:imagedata src="research_files/image001.jpg" u7:title="image002.jpg"/></u8:shape> <td width="28%" valign=top style='width:28.32%;background:#CCCC99;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;-moz-background-clip: initial;-moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;background-position-x:0%;background-position-y:50%; background-attachment:scroll'> <p><strong><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Birdsong project News:<o:p></o:p></span></i></strong></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><u7:p></u7:p>NEW: </span><a href="http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/2012/02150/Birdsong_neurolinguistics___songbird_context_free.4.aspx"><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> Birdsong neurolinguistics: songbird context-free grammar claim is premature , by Beckers, Bolhuis, Okanoya &amp; Berwick in NeuroReport.</span></a></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>NEW:<i> Trends Cogn. Sci. </i>paper </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(11)00003-9"><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>'Songs to syntax: The linguistics of birdsong'</span></a></span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, by Berwick, Okanoya, Beckers &amp; Bolhuis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>NEW: </span></strong><b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n11/abs/nrn2931.html" target="_blank"><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Twitter Evolution</span></a></span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> - Cover article in Nature Reviews Neuroscience by Bolhuis, Okanoya and Scharff on the parallels between birdsong and human speech</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=160 height=210 id="_x0000_i1028" src="NRN%20cover%202010.jpg" alt="[NRNcover]"></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>NEW: </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.uu.nl/EN/Current/Pages/Zangvogelslerenslapendhunliedjes.aspx"><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>To sleep, perchance to learn?</span></a></span></strong><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> Article in </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/06/09/rspb.2010.0870.abstract"><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Proc. Roy. Soc. B by Gobes, Zandbergen &amp; Bolhuis</span></a></span></strong><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> showing song learning-related brain activity during sleep in zebra finches</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>NEW:&nbsp;Bolhuis, J.J. &amp; Eda-Fujiwara, H. (2010) Birdsong and the brain: The syntax of memory. </span>NeuroReport 21, 395-398.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width="93%" colspan=3 style='width:93.0%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p><u8:shape id="_x0000_s1606" type="#_x0000_t75" style="position:absolute;&#13;&#10; margin-left:-.15pt;margin-top:591.65pt;width:296.8pt;height:259.2pt;&#13;&#10; z-index:3;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;&#13;&#10; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;&#13;&#10; mso-position-vertical-relative:text" u7:allowoverlap="f"><u8:imagedata src="research_files/image003.jpg" u7:title="image003.jpg"/><u9:wrap type="square"/></u8:shape><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#993300;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Brain mechanisms of birdsong memory  An outline of our research</span><u7:p></u7:p></i></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-right:491.35pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>We study the neural mechanisms of learning and memory through an analysis of birdsong learning in zebra finches. The process through which young songbirds learn the characteristics of the songs of an adult male of their own species has strong similarities with speech acquisition in human infants. Both involve two phases: a period of auditory memorisation followed by a period during which the individual develops its own vocalisations. <u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><u8:shape id="_x0000_s1602" type="#_x0000_t75" style="position:absolute;&#13;&#10; margin-left:0;margin-top:-.8pt;width:296.8pt;height:259.2pt;z-index:2;&#13;&#10; mso-position-horizontal:left;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char;&#13;&#10; mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:line"><u8:imagedata src="" u7:title="nrn1904-f3.jpg"/><u10:wrap type="tight"/></u8:shape><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="image004.jpg" style='width:223.5pt;height:195pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="researchJB_files/image001.jpg" o:title="image004"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=298 height=260 src="researchJB_files/image001.jpg" alt=image004.jpg v:shapes="Picture_x0020_0"><![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The avian  song system (figure above), a network of brain nuclei, is the likely neural substrate for the second phase of sensorimotor learning. In contrast, the neural representation of song memory acquired in the first phase is most probably localised outside the song system, notably in the NCM and CMM, regions within the avian equivalent of auditory association cortex (Bolhuis &amp; Gahr, 2006). <u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><u7:p></u7:p>In zebra finches, neuronal activation (measured as expression of immediate early genes) in the NCM correlated with the number of song elements that a male had learned from its tutor, suggesting that the NCM may be (part of) the neural substrate for stored tutor song (Fig. a below) (Bolhuis et al., 2000, 2001; Terpstra et al., 2004). Female zebra finches do not sing, but nevertheless they can learn the characteristics of male song, and they develop a perceptual preference for their father s song over novel <u8:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="position:absolute;margin-left:3295.25pt;&#13;&#10; margin-top:3.65pt;width:522pt;height:187.85pt;z-index:1;&#13;&#10; mso-position-horizontal:right;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char;&#13;&#10; mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:line"><u8:imagedata src="" u7:title="nrn1904-f4"/><u11:wrap type="square"/></u8:shape>song. Females that were re-exposed to their father s&nbsp; song showed increased neuronal activation in the CMM only, compared to novel song. Thus, the CMM may be (part of) the neural substrate for the representation of the memory of their father s song (Terpstra et al, 2006 - Fig. c below). <u7:p></u7:p><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="image005.jpg" style='width:566.25pt; height:200.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="researchJB_files/image002.jpg" o:title="image005"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=755 height=267 src="researchJB_files/image002.jpg" alt=image005.jpg v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8"><![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Lesions to the NCM in zebra finch males impaired recognition of tutor song, but did not affect production of the bird s own song (Gobes &amp; Bolhuis, 2007). Thus, in both humans and songbirds the cognitive systems of vocal production and auditory recognition memory are subserved by distinct brain regions.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#993300;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>For a recent review, see: Bolhuis, J.J. &amp; Gahr, M. (2006) Neural mechanisms of birdsong memory. <i>Nature Reviews Neurosci</i>ence, 7,&nbsp; 347-357.<u7:p></u7:p></span></b><o:p></o:p></p> <p><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><u7:p></u7:p>Publications</span></i></b></p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Bolhuis, J.J., Van Mil, D. &amp; Houx, B.B. (1999) Song learning with audiovisual compound stimuli in the zebra finch. <i>Anim. Behav</i>., 58, 1285-1292. <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Bolhuis, J.J., Zijlstra, G.G.O., Den Boer-Visser, A.M. &amp; Van der Zee, E.A. (2000) Localized neuronal activation in the zebra finch brain is related to the strength of song learning. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA</i>, 97, 2282-2285. [<a href="BolZijlPNAS.pdf">pdf file</a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="BolZijlPNAS.pdf"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>] </span></a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Bolhuis, J.J., Hetebrij, E., Den Boer-Visser, A.M., De Groot, J.H &amp; Zijlstra, G.G.O. (2001) Localized immediate early gene expression related to the strength of song learning in socially reared zebra finches. <i>Eur. J. Neurosci</i>., 13, 2165-2170.</span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Bolhuis, J.J. &amp; Macphail, E.M. (2001) A critique of the neuroecology of learning and memory. <i>Trends Cogn. Sci.</i> 5, 426-433. </span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Riebel, K., Smallegange, I.M., Terpstra, N.J. &amp; Bolhuis, J.J. (2002) Sexual equality in zebra finch song preference: evidence for a dissociation between song recognition and production learning. <i>Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., B. </i>269, 729-733.</span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Eda-Fujiwara, H., Satoh, R., Bolhuis, J.J. &amp; Kimura, T. (2003) Neuronal activation in female budgerigars is localized and related to male song complexity. <i>Eur. J. Neurosci</i>., 17, 149-154.</span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Bolhuis, J.J. &amp; Eda-Fujiwara, H. (2003) Bird brains and songs: neural mechanisms of birdsong perception and memory. <i>Anim. 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(2012) Birdsong neurolinguistics: Songbird context-free grammar claim is premature. <i>NeuroReport</i>, 23, 139-145.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><br> </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><br> <i><br> </i><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><u7:p></u7:p><u7:p></u7:p><a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521869157"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.cambridge\.org\/catalogue\/catalogue\.asp?isbn=9780521869157\0022 "'>&nbsp; <u7:p></u7:p></span></span></a></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td width="93%" colspan=3 style='width:93.0%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#993300;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521869157"><span style='color:#993300;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.cambridge\.org\/catalogue\/catalogue\.asp?isbn=9780521869157\0022 "'>For information about the avian brain, and links to other birdsong labs: <span style='mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.avianbrain\.org\0022 "'><u><span style='color:#303FA7'>www. avianbrain.org</span></u></span><u7:p></u7:p></span></span></a></span></b><span class=MsoHyperlink><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width="65%" colspan=2 style='width:65.0%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521869157"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.avianbrain\.org\0022 "'></span></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span class=MsoHyperlink><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521869157"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></span></p> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><span class=MsoHyperlink><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><a href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521869157"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <hr size=2 width="100%" align=center> </span></a></span></span></div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.avianbrain.org"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>[<span style='mso-field-code:"HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/web\.science\.uu\.nl\/behaviour\/index\.html\0022"'><u><span style='color:#303FA7'>Behavioural Biology Home</span></u></span>] [<span style='mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022mailto\:j\.devries\@bio\.uu\.nl\0022 "'><u><span style='color:#303FA7'>contact site maintainer</span></u></span> ]&nbsp; </span></a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </td> <td width="28%" style='width:28.32%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:NL;mso-fareast-language:NL;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'><u7:p></u7:p></span></td> </tr> </table> <p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><a href="mailto:j.devries@bio.uu.nl"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><br> &nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span lang=EN-GB style='color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> </body> </html>